Diagnostic Reagent, Antibody,Antigen,Blocking Agents,Serum/Plasma: What Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

Diagnostic Reagent, Antibody,Antigen,Blocking Agents,Serum/Plasma: What Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia?: Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) is a contagious respiratory infection. The disease spreads easily through contact with respiratory fluids, and it...

What Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) is a contagious respiratory infection. The disease spreads easily through contact with respiratory fluids, and it causes regular epidemics.

The most common sign of infection is a dry cough. Untreated or severe cases can have symptoms affecting the heart and nervous system. In rare cases, MP can be fatal.

Diagnosis is difficult in the early stages of MP because there are few unusual symptoms. As the disease progresses, imaging and laboratory tests may be able to detect it. Doctors use antibiotics to treat MP. If antibiotics aren’t effective at treating MP, you may need intravenous medications.

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Part 2 of 8: Causes

What Causes Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia causes MP. This is the most recognized of all human pathogens. There are over 200 different known species. Most patients with respiratory infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae don’t develop pneumonia. Once inside the body, the bacterium may attach itself to your lung tissue and multiply until a full infection develops. Most cases are mild.

Part 3 of 8: Risk Factors

Who Is at Risk for Developing Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

In many healthy adults, the immune system is capable of fighting off MP before it can grow into an infection. Those who are most at risk include:

· older adults

· people who have diseases that compromise their immune system, such as HIV

· people who have lung disease

· people who have sickle cell disease

· children younger than age 5

Part 4 of 8: Symptoms

What Are the Symptoms of Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

The symptoms of MP are the same as a common upper respiratory tract infection.

Common symptoms of MP include:

· persistent fever

· dry cough

· malaise

· fever

In rare cases, the infection may become dangerous and cause damage to the heart or central nervous system. Examples of these disorders include:

· arthritis, which is a disorder in which the joints become inflamed

· pericarditis, which is inflammation of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

· Guillain-Barré syndrome, which is a neurological disorder that can lead to paralysis and death

· encephalitis, which is an inflammation of the brain

Part 5 of 8: Diagnosis

How Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia Diagnosed?

The disease generally develops silently for the first one to three weeks after exposure. Diagnosis is difficult in the early stages because the body doesn’t instantly reveal an infection. Sometimes manifestations of infection may occur outside of your lung. If this happens, signs of infection may include the breakup of red blood cells, a skin rash, and joint involvement. The symptoms and signs can indicate infection of the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and heart disease. Three to seven days after the first symptoms appear, medical testing can show evidence of an MP infection.

In order to make a diagnosis, your doctor will listen to your breathing with a stethoscope for any abnormal sounds. A chest X-ray and a CT scan may also help your doctor to make a diagnosis.

Part 6 of 8: Treatment

What Are the Treatment Options for Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

Antibiotics

The first line of treatment for MP is antibiotics. Children get different antibiotics than adults to avoid any potentially dangerous side effects.

Macrolides, the first choice of antibiotics for children, include:

· erythromycin

· clarithromycin

· roxithromycin

· azithromycin

Antibiotics prescribed for adults include:

· doxycycline

· tetracycline

· quinolones

Corticosteroids

Not all people respond to antibiotic treatment. Alternative treatments include the following corticosteroids:

· prednisolone

· methylprednisone

Immunomodulatory Therapy

If you have a severe case of MP, you may need antibiotics and a treatment called 
“immunomodulatory therapy.” This type of therapy can boost or decrease the effects of other medicines. Examples of immunomodulatory medications that are used with antibiotics include:

· corticosteroids

· intravenous Ig (IVIg)

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Diagnostic Reagent, Antibody,Antigen,Blocking Agents,Serum/Plasma: What Is Malaria?

Diagnostic Reagent, Antibody,Antigen,Blocking Agents,Serum/Plasma: What Is Malaria?: What Is Malaria? Highlights 00001.  Malaria is a life-threatening disease that’s typically transmitted through the bite of an infected ...

What Is Malaria?

What Is Malaria?

Highlights

00001. Malaria is a life-threatening disease that’s typically transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.

00002. Malaria is usually found in tropical and subtropical climates where the parasites that cause it live.

00003. Congenital malaria occurs when a mother with malaria passes on the disease to her baby at birth.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It’s typically transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry the Plasmodium parasite. When this mosquito bites you, the parasite is released into your bloodstream.

Once the parasites are inside your body, they travel to the liver, where they mature. After several days, the mature parasites enter the bloodstream and begin to infect red blood cells. Within 48 to 72 hours, the parasites inside the red blood cells multiply, causing the infected cells to burst open.

The parasites continue to infect red blood cells, resulting in symptoms that occur in cycles that last two to three days at a time.

Malaria is typically found in tropical and subtropical climates where the parasites can live. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 3.2 billion people are at risk of malaria.

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report 1,500 cases of malaria annually. Most cases of malaria develop in people who travel to countries where malaria is more common.

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Part 2 of 8: Causes

What Causes Malaria?

Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected with thePlasmodium parasite bites you. An infected mother can also pass the disease to her baby at birth. This is known as congenital malaria. Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be transmitted through:

· an organ transplant

· a transfusion

· use of shared needles or syringes

Part 3 of 8: Symptoms

What Are the Symptoms of Malaria?

The symptoms of malaria typically develop within 10 days to four weeks following the infection. In some people, symptoms may not develop for several months. Some malarial parasites can enter the body but will be dormant for long periods of time. Common symptoms of malaria include:

· shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe

· high fever

· profuse sweating

· headache

· nausea

· vomiting

· diarrhea

· anemia

· muscle pain

· convulsions

· coma

· bloody stools

Part 4 of 8: Diagnosis

How Is Malaria Diagnosed?

Your doctor will be able to diagnose malaria. During your appointment, your doctor will review your health history, including any recent travel to tropical climates. A physical exam will also be performed. Your doctor will be able to determine if you have an enlarged spleen or liver. If you have symptoms of malaria, your doctor may order additional blood tests to confirm your diagnosis. These tests will show:

· whether or not you have malaria

· what type of malaria you have

· if your infection is caused by a parasite that’s resistant to certain types of drugs

· if the disease has caused anemia

· if the disease has affected your vital organs

Part 5 of 8: Complications

Life-Threatening Complications of Malaria

Malaria can cause a number of life-threatening complications. The following may occur:

· swelling of the blood vessels of the brain, or cerebral malaria

· an accumulation of fluid in the lungs that causes breathing problems, or pulmonary edema

· organ failure of the kidneys, liver, or spleen

· anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells

· low blood sugar

Part 6 of 8: Treatment

How Is Malaria Treated?

Malaria is a life-threatening condition. Treatment for the disease is typically provided in a hospital. Your doctor will prescribe medications based on the type of parasite that you have. In some instances, the medication prescribed will not clear you of the infection. Parasites that are resistant to drugs have been reported. These parasites make many drugs ineffective. If this occurs, your doctor may need to use more than one medication or change medications altogether to treat your condition.

Part 7 of 8: Outlook

What Is the Long-Term Outlook for People with Malaria?

People with malaria who receive treatment typically have a good long-term outlook. If complications arise as a result of malaria, the outlook may not be as good. Cerebral malaria, which causes swelling of the blood vessels of the brain, can result in brain damage. The long-term outlook for patients with drug-resistant parasites may also be poor. In these patients, malaria may recur. This may cause other complications.

Part 8 of 8: Prevention

Tips to Prevent Malaria

There’s no vaccine available to prevent malaria. Talk to your doctor if you’re traveling to an area where malaria is common or if you live in such an area. You may be prescribed medications to prevent the disease. These medications are the same as those used to treat the disease and can be taken before, during, and after your trip.

Talk to your doctor about long-term prevention if you live in an area where malaria is common. Sleeping under a mosquito net may help prevent being bitten by an infected mosquito. Covering your skin or using bug sprays containing DEET may also help prevent infection.

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