What Is Malaria?

What Is Malaria?

Highlights

00001. Malaria is a life-threatening disease that’s typically transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.

00002. Malaria is usually found in tropical and subtropical climates where the parasites that cause it live.

00003. Congenital malaria occurs when a mother with malaria passes on the disease to her baby at birth.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It’s typically transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry the Plasmodium parasite. When this mosquito bites you, the parasite is released into your bloodstream.

Once the parasites are inside your body, they travel to the liver, where they mature. After several days, the mature parasites enter the bloodstream and begin to infect red blood cells. Within 48 to 72 hours, the parasites inside the red blood cells multiply, causing the infected cells to burst open.

The parasites continue to infect red blood cells, resulting in symptoms that occur in cycles that last two to three days at a time.

Malaria is typically found in tropical and subtropical climates where the parasites can live. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 3.2 billion people are at risk of malaria.

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report 1,500 cases of malaria annually. Most cases of malaria develop in people who travel to countries where malaria is more common.

Advertisement

Part 2 of 8: Causes

What Causes Malaria?

Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected with thePlasmodium parasite bites you. An infected mother can also pass the disease to her baby at birth. This is known as congenital malaria. Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be transmitted through:

· an organ transplant

· a transfusion

· use of shared needles or syringes

Part 3 of 8: Symptoms

What Are the Symptoms of Malaria?

The symptoms of malaria typically develop within 10 days to four weeks following the infection. In some people, symptoms may not develop for several months. Some malarial parasites can enter the body but will be dormant for long periods of time. Common symptoms of malaria include:

· shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe

· high fever

· profuse sweating

· headache

· nausea

· vomiting

· diarrhea

· anemia

· muscle pain

· convulsions

· coma

· bloody stools

Part 4 of 8: Diagnosis

How Is Malaria Diagnosed?

Your doctor will be able to diagnose malaria. During your appointment, your doctor will review your health history, including any recent travel to tropical climates. A physical exam will also be performed. Your doctor will be able to determine if you have an enlarged spleen or liver. If you have symptoms of malaria, your doctor may order additional blood tests to confirm your diagnosis. These tests will show:

· whether or not you have malaria

· what type of malaria you have

· if your infection is caused by a parasite that’s resistant to certain types of drugs

· if the disease has caused anemia

· if the disease has affected your vital organs

Part 5 of 8: Complications

Life-Threatening Complications of Malaria

Malaria can cause a number of life-threatening complications. The following may occur:

· swelling of the blood vessels of the brain, or cerebral malaria

· an accumulation of fluid in the lungs that causes breathing problems, or pulmonary edema

· organ failure of the kidneys, liver, or spleen

· anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells

· low blood sugar

Part 6 of 8: Treatment

How Is Malaria Treated?

Malaria is a life-threatening condition. Treatment for the disease is typically provided in a hospital. Your doctor will prescribe medications based on the type of parasite that you have. In some instances, the medication prescribed will not clear you of the infection. Parasites that are resistant to drugs have been reported. These parasites make many drugs ineffective. If this occurs, your doctor may need to use more than one medication or change medications altogether to treat your condition.

Part 7 of 8: Outlook

What Is the Long-Term Outlook for People with Malaria?

People with malaria who receive treatment typically have a good long-term outlook. If complications arise as a result of malaria, the outlook may not be as good. Cerebral malaria, which causes swelling of the blood vessels of the brain, can result in brain damage. The long-term outlook for patients with drug-resistant parasites may also be poor. In these patients, malaria may recur. This may cause other complications.

Part 8 of 8: Prevention

Tips to Prevent Malaria

There’s no vaccine available to prevent malaria. Talk to your doctor if you’re traveling to an area where malaria is common or if you live in such an area. You may be prescribed medications to prevent the disease. These medications are the same as those used to treat the disease and can be taken before, during, and after your trip.

Talk to your doctor about long-term prevention if you live in an area where malaria is common. Sleeping under a mosquito net may help prevent being bitten by an infected mosquito. Covering your skin or using bug sprays containing DEET may also help prevent infection.

Wason Biotech Inc, can offer you diagnostic reagent for clinical test, welcome inquiry us.

Diagnostic for Dengue Virus

Dengue Virus

Dengue is caused by Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus. DENV is an single stranded RNA positive-strand virus of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. This genus includes also the West Nile virus, Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus, Yellow Fever Virus, and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis. DENV causes a wide range of diseases in humans, from a self limited Dengue Fever (DF) to a life-threatening syndrome called Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS).

There are four antigenically different serotypes of the virus (although there is report of 2013 that a fifth serotype has been found): 

	DENV-1
	DENV-2
	DENV-3
	DENV-4

Here, a serotype is a group of viruses classified together based on their antigens on the surface of the virus. These four subtypes are different strains of dengue virus that have 60-80% homology between each other. The major difference for humans lies in subtle differences in the surface proteins of the different dengue subtypes. Infection induces long-life protection against the infecting serotype, but it gives only a short time cross protective immunity against the other types. The first infection cause mostly minor disease, but secondary infections has been reported to cause severe diseases (DHF or DSS) in both children and adults. This fenomenon is called Antibody-Dependent Enhancement.

 
Figure 1. Dengue virus particle and microscopic picture of dengue viruses

DENV is a 50-nm virus enveloped with a lipid membrane (see figure 1). There are 180 identical copies of the envelope (E) protein attached to the surface of the viral membrane by a short transmembrane segment. The virus has a genome of about 11000 bases that encodes a single large polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into several structural and non-structural mature peptides. The polyprotein is divided into three structural proteins, C, prM, E; seven nonstructural proteins, NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5; and short non-coding regions on both the 5' and 3' ends (see figure 2). The structural proteins are the capsid (C) protein, the envelope (E) glycoprotein and the membrane (M) protein, itself derived by furine-mediated cleavage from a prM precursor. The E glycoprotein is responsible for virion attachment to receptor and fusion of the virus envelope with the target cell membrane and bears the virus neutralization epitopes. In addition to the E glycoprotein, only one other viral protein, NS1, has been associated with a role in protective immunity. NS3 is a protease and a helicase, whereas NS5 is the RNA polymerase in charge of viral RNA replication.

Figure 2. Dengue virus genome structure with the structural and nonstructural genes

The life cycle of dengue involves endocytosis via a cell surface receptor (see video 1 and figure 3). The virus uncoats intracellularly via a specific process. In the infectious form of the virus, the envelope protein lays flat on the surface of the virus, forming a smooth coat with icosahedral symmetry. However, when the virus is carried into the cell and into lysozomes, the acidic environment causes the protein to snap into a different shape, assembling into trimeric spike. Several hydrophobic amino acids at the tip of this spike insert into the lysozomal membrane and cause the virus membrane to fuse with lysozome. This releases the RNA into the cell and infection starts.

Wason Biotech can offer you the materials for diagnostic reagent, such as antibody, antigen , also can offer finished test kit used for ELISA, CLIA and RAPID TEST. Welcome inquiry me.

Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment of Zika

Symptoms

· Most people infected with Zika virus won’t even know they have the disease because they won’t have symptoms. The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, or conjunctivitis (red eyes). Other common symptoms include muscle pain and headache. The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) for Zika virus disease is not known, but is likely to be a few days to a week.

· 

o See your doctor or other healthcare provider if you are pregnant and develop a fever, rash, joint pain, or red eyes within 2 weeks after traveling to a place where Zika has been reported. Be sure to tell your doctor or other healthcare provider where you traveled.

· The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week.

· People usually don’t get sick enough to go to the hospital, and they very rarely die of Zika. For this reason, many people might not realize they have been infected.

· Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an infected person for about a week but it can be found longer in some people.

· Once a person has been infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections.

Diagnosis

· The symptoms of Zika are similar to those of dengue and chikungunya, diseases spread through the same mosquitoes that transmit Zika.

· See your doctor or other healthcare provider if you develop the symptoms described above and have visited an area where Zika is found.

· If you have recently traveled, tell your doctor or other healthcare provider when and where you traveled.

· Your doctor or other healthcare provider may order blood tests to look for Zika or other similar viruses like dengue or chikungunya.

Treatment

· There is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat Zika virus.

· Treat the symptoms:

o Get plenty of rest.

o Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.

o Take medicine such as acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or paracetamol to reduce fever and pain.

o Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of bleeding.

o If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider before taking additional medication.

· If you have Zika, prevent mosquito bites for the first week of your illness.

o During the first week of infection, Zika virus can be found in the blood and passed from an infected person to a mosquito through mosquito bites.

o An infected mosquito can then spread the virus to other people.

Wason Biotech Inc.,  as one of the major manufacturer  for and test kit, We can offer it for Zika virus. Any need pls contact with me.

 

Antibodies in Medicine

Use of antibodies in disease diagnosis and therapy

Antibodies are used extensively as diagnostic tools in many different formats. The term applied for antibody based diagnostic tests is “immunoassay”. Antibody-based immunoassays are the most commonly used confirmatory diagnostic assays and is the fastest growing technologies for the analysis of biomolecules. 

Monoclonal antibodies

In the past, most immunoassays were based on polyclonal antisera drawn from immunized rabbits, which provided a good immune response despite having limited antigens. This changed with the advent of monoclonal antibodies, as described in 1975 by Köhler and Milstein.

Monoclonal antibodies revolutionized the use of antibodies in therapy called immunotherapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies have become a large part of immunodiagnostics as well.

Recent advances

Trends in antibody based diagnosis show advances in assay specificity, detection technologies and sensitivity. Sensitivity and specificity is ensured depending on whether or not the antigen to be quantified competes with labelled antigen for a limited number of antibody binding sites.

Flow cytometric analysis

Another important new technology with particular importance in diagnostics is flow cytometric analysis. This uses many new monoclonal antibodies against different cell-surface structures and helps flow cytometry in diagnosis if blood cancers. Flow cytometry has also more recently been used 

Rhesus factor, also known as Rhesus D (RhD) antigen, is an antigen found on red blood cells. Presence of the antigen makes a person Rhesus-positive (Rh+) and absence makes a person Rhesus-negative (Rh–). During normal childbirth, delivery trauma or complications during pregnancy, blood from a fetus can enter the mother's system. In the case of an Rh-incompatible mother and child, there may be sensitization of an Rh- mother to the Rh antigen on the blood cells of the Rh+ child. This may put the remainder of the pregnancy, and any subsequent pregnancies at risk of fetal death due to hemolysis.

For treatment Rho antibodies (specific for human Rhesus D (RhD) antigen) are used. Anti-RhD antibodies are administered as part of a prenatal treatment regimen to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rhesus-negative mother has a Rhesus-positive fetus.

Antibodies in industry

Antibodies are also used in structure prediction. This information is used for protein engineering, modifying the antigen binding affinity, and identifying an epitope, of a given antibody. X-ray crystallography is one commonly used method for determining antibody structures. This, however, is a difficult process. Computational approaches provide a cheaper and faster alternative to crystallography but results are more equivocal.

Antibodies are thus methods that can be used to predict structures of biomolecules. Online web servers such as ''Web Antibody Modeling'' (WAM) and ''Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure'' (PIGS) enables computational modeling of antibody variable regions. 

Wason Biotech Inc  as the major supplier of raw materials and services to diagnostic reagent manufactor in China, Wason biotech Inc. not only import and sift through the overseas products of well-known brands, but also take advantage of our existing technology platform and wide connections, contact with our customers to help them save expense and improve efficiency to assist our customer to increase in domestic public demand and meet regulatory requirements.

Currently, we mainly offer high-quality monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, recombinant antigen, serum, blocking agent, fluorescent microsphere, etc. have application in ELISA, chemoluminescence, immunocolloidal gold technique and immunonephelometry, etc. We have much confidence that we will be the best supplier of raw materials in diagnostic industry.